Laminated-cohesive-interwound fabric.



L. A. SUBERS. LAMINATED OOHBSIVB I NTERWOUND FABRIC.

' APPLICATION FILED JAN. 31, 1910. 1,024,915.

Patented Apr; 30, 1912.

13 SHEBTS-SHEET I. 4

; fizweizdwr L. A. SUBERS. LAMINATED GOHESIVE INTERWOUND FABRIC.

APPLICATION FILED JAN.31. 1910.

Patented Apr. 30, 1912.

l3 SHEETSSHEET 2 mirento r v we'lnesse s L. A. SUBERS. LAMINATED GOHESIVE INTERWOUND FABRIC. APPLICATION FILED JAILSI, 1910i 1,0243 1 5 Patented Apr. 30, 1912.

13 SHEETSSHEBT 3.

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APPLICATION FILED JAN. 31. 1910 Patented Am. 30, @912.

13 SHEETS-SHEET FIG 7 Vwlnesses. W-

[nmtwfor 1 L.A.SUBERS. v LAMINATED OOHESIVE INTERWOUND FABRIC.

. APPLICATION FILED JAN.,31. 1910.

. Patented Apr. 30, 1912.

13 SHEETSS HEET 5.

L. A. SUBERS. LAMINATED GOHESIVE INTERWOUND FABRIC.

APPLICATION FILED JANA ?!H 1910. Patented Apr. 30, I:

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Inventor litter-peg L. A, SUBERSJ LAMINATED OOEESIVE INTERWOUND FABRID. APPLICATION IILED JAN.31. 1910.

1,024,91 5'. v I Patented Apr. 30,1912

13 SHEETS-SHEET 7.

L. A. SUBERS.

LAMINATED GOHESIVB INTERWOUND FABRIC Q APPLICATION FILED JAN.31-. 19101 I I 1,024,91 5.- Patented Apr. 30, 1912.

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. L. A. SUBERS.

LAMINATED GOHESIVE INTERWOUND FABRIC.

APPLICATION FILED JAN.31,1910. I i p Patented Apr.30, 1912.

13 SH EETSSHEET 10.

L. A. SUBBRS.

LAMINATED COHESIVE INTERWOUND FABRIC.

APPLICATION FILED JAN.31,1910. 1,024,915. Patented Apr. 30, 1912.

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L. '-A. SUBERS. LAMINATED OOHESIVE INTERWOUND FABRIC.

APPLICATION FILED JAIL-31, 1910. 1,024,915.

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tubing.

LAWRENCE A. SUBERS, 0F CLEVELAND, OHIO.

LAMINATED-GOHESIVE-INTERWOTlND FABRIC.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Apr. 3Q, 1912.

Application filed January 31, 1910. Serial No. 540,982.

' To all whom it may concern.

Be it known that I, Lmvnnnon A. S BnRs, a citizen of the United States, and resident of-Gleveland, in the county of Cuyahoga and State of Ohio, have invented certain .new and useful Improvements in Laminated- Cohesive-Interwound Fabric, of which I hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same.

The objects of the'invention are to provide a laminated, unwoven fabric composed of fibrous members cohering in an adhesive material, such as rubber, and it is adapted for many uses such-as for sheet fabric or flexible It is also new in the art, and it is characterized by great flexibility and strength, combined with elasticity and durability in use. The fabric is laminated, not woven, braided, interlocked, or interlaced in any manner, and is composed of series of fibrous bands or cords, the first of a certain number of series wound parallel to each other at a predetermined angle on a mandrcl, so spaced that the remainder of these series would just fill the space between the members of the first series, and an equal number of series similarly spaced, wound parallel to each other at a reverse angle the first of the latter series Wound on top of the first of the former series, and the remainder of each series wound alternately in'the same order, being compressed to fill the openings and cohering together in acoating of adhesive material, which may he Vulcanizable.

This'fabric is preferably made in tubular form' upon a drum or mandrel by winding the fibrous members or hands thereon in rubber, and may be made of any desired length or widths according to the diameter and. length of the drum or mandrel upon which it is wound. In this fabric the bands may be composed of series of spirally running cords or threads'equally spaced apart and are. rubbcred and alternated with series of similar members or with fabric members of any character and all elements adhere together and are compressed together to produce a continuous surface and the bands of fibrous material are separated by equal spaces which may be of the same width as the bandsor of a multiple number of bands and some of the bands may be designed to cover only a predetermined amount of the surface and may be used merely for reiuforcing the fabric according to the character of the fabric desired and its use. 1

The parallel cords or threads or groups of parallel cords or threads which may form the bands are designed preferably to form the body and substance of the fabric, and some of the bands'may be employed as a reinforcing means and may or may not increase the thickness of the fabric or lessen its flexibility or elasticity in, any manner, and

may serve only 'as a binding influence for the bands of cordsor threads, and as distributing means or instrume'ntalities for strain, tension or shock, that may be imparted to the fabric, and hence when so used are preferably arranged at such an angle as not to interfere With the action of the fabric, but to afford a support therefor, under all conditions of shock or flexure.

The invention of the' fabric and the method of making the same is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, hereinafter more fully described and specifically pointed out in the claims. y

In the accompanying drawings Figure l is a perspective View. showing a portion of fabric formed upon a cylindrical surface such. as a mandrel, and cut longitudinally. therefrom at one side, showing bands of regularly spaced. parallel adhering cords or threads and reinforcing bands of, tape equally spaced apart, all parallel nremb'ers being interwound to fill all the spaces between them. Fig. 2 is a plan View of a simi lar fabric layer in. which the characteristics of structure are observed, and the same system of employing tape or other fibrous bands in connection with groups or bands of cords or threads, the bands of tape being spaced more closely together to increase the strength of the reinforcing element. Fig. 3 is similar View showing the groups or bands of cords or threads laid at ig. 2 superimposed upon the layer of Fig.

Fig. 5' 1s an elevation of a fabric formed a. mandrel show ng all fibrous elements ig. 4 is a plan View showing the layers of I verse section of this composed of ,single cords or threads inter woun dby the improved method; Fig. 5 is a transverse section of this fabric taken on line a-a Fi 5- Fig. 5 is a transverse sec tion of this fabric taken on line b-b Fig. 5 Fig. 5 isa transver'sesection of this fabric taken on line c- Fig.5; Fig. is a trans fabric taken on line d Fig. 0; Fig. 5 is a transverse section of this fabric taken on line e,e Fig. 5; Fig. 6 is an enlarged plan viewof a portion of the same; Fig. 7 is an isometrical perspective View of the same showing the posit on of the several series of cords before they are compressed together to form a two ply fabric; Fig. 8 is an elevation of a-piece of fabric before cutting from the mandrel showing one layer composed of groups of cords or threads interlaid at an angle of 90 V 11; Fig.

with each other and at approximately 45 to any longitudinal surface line, both elements being alike, and composed of groups of cords or threads; Fig. 91s a similar View of a portion of fabric showing groups or hands of cords or threads laid in one direction and bands of the reinforcing element interwound therewith atv an angle of 90 of the process; Fig. SQCtlOD of the tubular chine showing four reels for laying cord or both elements being at an angle of approximately 45 to any longitudinal surface line; Fig. 10 shows a layer of'fabric such as shown in Fig. l overlaid with a layer of fabric in which circumferentially or transversely laid bands or groups conslsting each preferably of two cords or threads are em-' ployed with bands of the reinforcing tape or element, and these bands are arranged in two divisions or systems alternating with the groups of cords or threads and with each other, one system of. reinforcing bands cross ing the other system at 90 and each system of reinforcing bands crossing the bands of cords or threads at approximatelw iri", and a third layer is shown similar to the first layer, but with the elements at right angles to the elements of the first layerj Fig. 11 is a similar view of a piece of fabric in which the first layer-is composed wholly of interwound cords or threads shown in Fig. 5, and the second layer is composed of bands of cords or threads running transversely or circumferentially around the tube, and the reinforcing bands are laid alternately with thebandsof cords or threads and across each other at an angle of approxi-" mately 90 and cross the bands of cords or shown in F ig; l l.

threads at an angle of approximately 45"; an outer layer is shown composed wholly of bands of frictioned tape interlaid and inter- WOLIlCl similarly to the structure shown in Figs. 8 and 9; 12 is a similar view showing the first and outer layer of fabric similar in construction to the fabric shown in Fig. 9, and the intermediate layer similar to the intermediatclaycr shown in Fig.

13 is an elevation. of a piece of l fabric showing one layer similar to the in termediate layer shown in Fig. 10. Figs. let to 25 inclusive illustrate a type of machine invented by myself by means of which the improved process of manufacturing the im with cord or thread carrying tubes. These disks are rotatable in opposite directions about the mandrel, which has a longitudinal movement, so that the cords or threads are laid spirally thereon, in groups or hands and the tape is spirally laid upon the cords or threads, thus forming the first laid elements of the fabric. for providing a tension for one cord or thread, a tension device of the same charac- I ter being applied in use to all the cords or threads. This view illustrates the first step 15 is a longitudinal fabric making ma-- thread, and three reels for laying tape, adapted to form in continuous process one layer of fabric similar to that shown in Fig. 1; each cord or thread reel adapted to apply cord or thread for four bands, as "In this view are also shown friction gears by means of which a mandrel of predetermined size can be driven at variable speeds, and also means for operating the mandrel propelling device; Fig. 15 is a longitudinal section of the mandrel and mandrel cou lin device Fi lb shows a continuation of the mandrel and propelling means therefor; Fig. 17 is an end elevation of the machine shown in Figs. 15 and 1.6; Fig. 18 is a plan view of one of the propelling devices for the mandrel; Fig. 19 is an end View of one of the tape reels showing the three point roller supports and driving gearstherefor; Fig. 20 is an end elevation of one of the mandrel supports; Fig. 2i is a rear elevation of two reels, one for cord or thread and one for tape, showing the reversing mechanism for the tape reel; Fig. 22

is a longitudinal section of one of the tube or spool sockets or supports, showing the outer rotatable arm andits means of attachment to its reel; Fig. 23 shows the conadapted to laying rubceptacle therefor; Fig. 23 is a plan view enlarged, of a compression thread guide, and Fig. 23 is a vertical elevation. Fig. 24 is a longitudinal section of the upper part of the reel shown in Fig. 23 showing the rubber receptacle through which the cords or threads pass and the valves therefor; Fig. 1s a slmllar view of a similar reel adapted to the use of the tape.

Means is also shown to expansion or flexure, of the fabric, and.

In the figures relating to fabric, 1, 1, are groups of rubber coated cords or threads composed of a multiple number thereof and adheringtogether in parallel rows. These are designed to run in a uniform direct-ion preferably at an angle of to the edge of the fabric, or if the fabric is tubular at an angle of 45t0 any longitudinal. surface line parallel to the longitudinal axis thereof. Interlaid alternately above and below these,

, groups of cords or threads and at an angle thereto are shown the fibrous bands 2 2,

which may be tape spaced apart and inter' laid alternately above and below single groups of cords or threads in a predeter mined manner. I

The tape bands are preferably formed of thin open meshed material so as to permit the rubber employed in coating them to penetrate them thoroughly, and to connect them elastically with the groups of cords or threads. The tape bands are in this manner interlaid, preferably so as not to increase materially the weight or thickness of the fabric but are so disposed as to connect the groups of cords or threads together, and to give continuity to the fabric. The bands of tape serve also in addition to their use as a reinforcing means to connect the groupsof cords or threads together so as to distribute widely and uniformly throughout the fabric a sudden blow or shock received upon any part thereof, as from a force attacking the exterior surface of, or from internal pressure,' so. that .the cords or threads will not separate laterally. Otherwise there could be no greater means of adhesion between them than'would be provided by the vulcanized substances, such rubber, which cements them together. The bands of tape are so interlaid as to give the greatest continuity to the fabric compatible with the least resistance hence can be laid at a wide angle relatively to the angle of laying the groups of co ds or threads or may be laid at any desired single thereto. v 7

its shown in'Fig. 1 the bands oftape 2 are laid at an angle of 45 crossing the groups of cords or threads 1 at an angle; of 90. A layer of this character of construction superimposed upon a layer in which the elements are reversed in position and the. groups of cords or threads and bands of tape in one layer cross those of'the'adjoining layer or layers, at right angles, inay be used and the layers do not interfere with the flexibility of the fabric to any extent and obtain a most valuble result in the increase of st ength. p I

In Figs. 2 and 3' the groups of cords or threads 1 are shown running at an angle of 4:5

to any longitudinal surface line, and the bands of tape Qcross them running at an angle of 30 to the said line. This construction maltesthe groups of cords or threads shorter tha'nthe bands of tape and hence any eX-' to the longitudinal edge of the fabric, andin the same- (lllQCtlOll, and the groups of cords or threads run at an angle of 45 to' the longitudinal edge of thefabric and those in only one layer run at' angle of 90 to those in the other layer thus combining the layers sh'own in Figs. 2 and 3. In this mode of construction of the fabric the tape bands run all in the same direction in all layers, and at a less angle to the longitudinal edge than that of the groups of cords or threads and hence are much longer than the cords" or threads. The effect of this a1 rangement is to lessen the shock upon the shorter cords or threads without injury to the reinforcing means. The tape bands since they all run in the same direction are also stronger to distribute the strain throughout the fabric.- 'In all these forms of construction, when,

there are more than two layers, it will be found that inat least two layers the bands of tape will run in the same direction.

In Figs. 5, 5, 5", 5, 5 and 5 6 and 7, the fabric is shown composed wholly of cord or thread, and the manner of laying the same is illustrated in the sectional views and particularly in Fig. 7. The series of rubbered cords l l are equally spaced apart to form a four group system of fabric, and thetirst wound upon the mandrel or drum at the required angle of approximately 45. -The' spaces shown equal three cord diameters between'the rows of cords. The second series of eordsl, 1., snnllarly spaced apart are their wound or laid on top of the first series, and

at a right angle thereto or at. an angle of 135 to any longitudinal surface line on that layer. A third series of cords 2, 2, are then interwound with the first series 1, '1, and parallel thereto but spaced half way between the! members thereof. A fourth se .riesQ, 2 are then wound or laid over and at right angles to the series-2, 2, but parallel to the series 1*, 1, and half way between the members thereof; a fifth series 3, 3, are then wound or laid over series 2, 2, but parallel to series 1, 1, and over the spaces between the series 1, 1, and 2, 2; a sixth series 3, 3*, is then wound or laid over series 3, 3, parallel to series 1*, 1, and over the space be- 1?.

ioo

tween the series 1, 1, and the series 2, 2 a seventh series 4, 4, is then wound or laid over series 3', 3, parallel to series 2, 2, and over the space adjacent thereto; an eighth and last series 4, 4:, is then wound or laid over series 4, 4, parallel to series 2, 2, and over the space adjacent thereto, thus completing the series of cords required.

The fabric is compressed so that the cords assume the positions shown in sections 5*, 5", 5, 5 and 5 making a two ply fabric. The compression may be obtained by placing a greater tension upon the cords of the outer series while being wound upon the mandrel or by any desired means so that the cords of one series of the fabric will be forced into the spaces between the cords of the other series, so that the completed fabric will be of the diameters of only two cords or plies in thickness. The sections taken on different lines referred to clearly show this condition; all the cords are laid. in any convenient manner in rubber or other adhesive material or.

may be previously. given a suiiiciently thick coating to embed them in rubber outof frictional contact with each other as predetermined. Atter the fabric is compressed the edges of the parallel lying cords of each of the tour series engage each other at regular intern ls while the members of the certain series wound in one direction are bent down and under the members of certain series run ning in the reverse direction, thus preventing the cords from sliding upon each other. In Fig. 5*} the cords or threads T take the place of the tape, and the cords or threads 1' take the pl: '0 of the hands of cords l, l. in Fig. l, and the same principle of interlaying and interwinding is observed in all the varieties of fabric. In Fig. 5, a section on u (1 Fig. 5, the cord T is always above, and cords t, z, are always below. in section I) 7) Fig. 5 thc cord T is always in the center and cords i, i, are alternately above and below cord T. in section c(', -Fig. 5, cord 'l. is alternately above one cord Z and below three of cords f, 7. in section lf tl. Fig. 5 cord '1 is alternate y below one cord 1 and above three of the cords I 2. ln Fig. 5" section (1-4:, cord T is always below the cords 2, t. l n this form of construction all I the elements are single cords or threads and a t'abric of unusual strength is producral, applicableto unusual strains of all kinds, internal and external.

"lhc fabric shown in Fig. 8 is composed solely of bands comprising each a 'inultiplc number of cords or threads, the bands T taking the place of the tape, and the bands 1. 1, being similar to those shown in. Fig. 1. This construction produces also a very strong fabric.

i The fabric shown in Fig. 9 shows a combination of bands or cords l, l, and of tape 2, 2.

l l l This type of construction is capable of an infinite variation in the manner of arrangement of the various elements and combinations of layers according to the character of the fabric it is desired to produce, for instance in F ig. 13 is shown a portion of a fabric, where one layer is shown composed of transversely or circumferentially laid bands or groups oftwo cords or threads each, and is provided with tapes 2 and 3 which are interlaid with each other and with the bands of cords or threads, and the bands of tape cross each other at 90, and cross the cords or threads in the same layer at approximately 45", thus providing a form of tubing in which all parts are interlaid and interwound together without affecting the flexibility of the fabric, and are capable also of enduring longitudinal strain.

In Fig. 10 a mandrel M is shown and a lining L of rubber. Upon this lining is shown a layer of fabric similar to that shown in Fig, 1. The second layer is similar to that shown in Fig. 13 and the third layer is similar to the first layer, but with the elements reversed in direction of laying. The layers are held together by means of rubber and the strength and flexibility of the fabric is very great. Fig. 11 is acombi'nation of the fabrics shown in Figs. 5 and 13, except that in the central layer there are four threads .in each group, and the outer layer 1 is composed wholly of tapes intcrlaid in the same manner as the fabric shown in Fi l's. 8 and 9. In Fig. 12 the combination shown includes first. a tubric l composed wholly of tape, an intermediate fabric. of crossed tape and transverse bands of cord or tape similar to the intermediate layer shown in i ll, and a .i abric l" con'iposed wholly of tape.

The adaptability of the fabric to all rcquircinents of use, and internal and. external pressure is substantially unlimited, and the combinations possible in inhu-hrving the crossing elements in each layer. and modifications in the combinations of layers with each other, are practically without cnd.

-lhe character of the mzu-hinery required to carry out the process tor t'onning this fabric is ovcmplilied in Figs. 1h to :29 in l sive and the process or inrcrlaying' the sercral elements may be described in oniwction with a description oi the type f machine. as follows :'lbis machine may consi t of a series of four rings. o

5' t. 0 .5 if. J, as shown in Figs. '19 to 29. 'cach i.-/: l ing torty-t'oiu tubes of thread. and three rings, c", f, and 1 aurrying two spools of if tape each. a ring holding tape following a ring holding thread. These rings or rccls are all the same size diametrically and are bold in place by rolls R, R. R,

mounted on brackets, so that one roll comes directly underneath each ring and one on each 'side f. each ring, above the horizontal oenterlin'eof the ring, thus forming a complete three point support for rotation as shown by drawing. The four rings holding thread are rotated each in the same direction, accomplished by means of gear teeth U I on the outside circumference of each ring 1 meshing with a pinion V on a driving shaft,

V. The shaft extends along the machine so each reel is driven from the same shaft by pinions mounted thereon at the positions required. The tape reelsare driven from pinions Zon. the same shaft through an intermediate gear Z and pinions Z which thus causes the tape rings to rotate in the opposite direction to the thread rings.

The fabric is formed upon a cylindrical mandrel M formed of a succession of sections propelled longitudinally through the .machme by means of suitable friction rolls,

F. The mandrel is formed" of short sections joined together end to end in any suitable manner and support before reaching the friction driving rolls and after the fabric is formed upon the mandrel by means of three rolls, f, f, f, at 120 angle toeach other and adjustably mounted on a bracket f. The center line of the mandrel is shown as the center of rotation of the thread and tape rings, the latter rotating in a plane at right angles to the center line of the mandrel.

The tubes of thread are arranged in a circle concentrically to the mandrel and equally spaced on this circle, each tube extending outward in a line parallel to the mandrelh In the machine under consider- I ation the number of tubes on each thread spaced from the other.

ring is forty-four, twenty-two being arranged on each side of the ring, equally spaced on each side but one side alternately The threads from (the eleven tubes occupying each quarter of the thread ring are concentrated in a guide strip 9 after passing through a tension device 71 The holes in this guide strip through which the thread passes, are spaced at a distance apart equal to 1/176 of the circumference. of a circle which wouldpass through these holes, the center being the center line of the mandrel. There are four.

these guide strips to each thread ring located at 90 from each other, around the mandrel. The threads from each eleven tubes are grouped in passing through the guides and are laid side by side on themandrel bythe rotation of the ring, Tocover the whole of a mandrel of four inches diame- .ter would take approximately 176 threads of inches diameter each and laid at an angle of 15 to a longitudinal surface line so' that eleven threads would only cover 23 ofthe'surface. The forty-four threads on each thread ring cover 3; of the surface so that the four thread rings in one revolution at an angle of 45 will extendthe to lay the thread, the diameter'of the man-f drel, and the longitudinal movement of the mandrel.

The groups of thread from the first ring a as shown in Fig. 18 onlycover 1} of the surface of the mandrel and -,in one revo lution therefore the groups of threads are laid in four divisions, the spaces between all groups of threads being just wide enough to receive the groupsbf threads subsequently laid by the other three rings. This spacing"- of the strips isaccomplished by the location of the guides which are spaced at from each other around the thread ring in connection with the afore-mentioned longitu-. dinal movement of the mandrelfl- These fl groups of thread laid by the first reel are numbered 123 and 4 on the 'rnandrel' in Fig. 18. On top of these four groups 50f thread are laid bands of tape fromtwo tape spools '0, b, located diametrically opposite each other on the tape reele which follows the thread ring a as'previously described, and revolves in the opposite direction, and at sucha predetermined speed of revolution as to lay the tapesat an angle of 45 to air;

longitudinal surface line of the mandrel and at, 90 from-the groups of'thread already laid.

The thread ring b is exactly likering a but that it is turned through an angle?? of 45 around the mandrelfrom that. occupied by ring a' so that the four groups of thread when laid will occupy the center of the spaces between the groups 1 and2,

2 and 3, 3 and 4, 4 and 1, respectively'onii' the 'inandrel. These groups of thread lay "on top of the tapesas'laid by the tape reel.

The tape reel f-is' exactly "like were butis advanced 60 around-themandrel irom 'the posit-ion occupied by reel e and so spaces the tapes that "when all are laid theyarefequt distant on the mandrel. These-two tapes are laid ontop of the groups of threw-"from .reel a and 7). Thread reel '0 is -'eXactly-.like

reels (1 and b but is advanced only"22% around the mandrel from th'e'fip'osition '00- cupied by reel a in the'salme direction asre'el b was advanced, therefore the groups of threadslaid by reel 0 will lie in the space between the groupstof thread from. reels a? and b and on top: of the' 'tapes previously laid. The reel 9 is exactly like reels e and f but is advanced throughan angle- 0f' 12 0 except it is advanced 67% aroundthe mandrel from the position occupied by reel 6 and in the same direction as reel f was advanced. -The tapes from this reel are laid on top of the groups of threads laid by reels a, b and 0. All the tapes are now equidistant from each other on the mandrel. Thread reel d is exactly like reel a around themandrel from the position occupied by ring a, therefore the groups of thread are laid in the vacant spaces left between groups from reels 6 and a. These groups of threads are laid on top of all the tapes previously laid. This covers the entire circumferential surface of the mandrel, every space being filled. and gives a fabric ,of thread interlaidand interwound with tape, thus reinforcing and completing one layer of fabric. threads from .reel a are under six tapes, groups of threads from reel 6 are over' two tapes and under four, groups of thread from reel C, are four tapes and under two, while groups of thread from reel 03 are over all six tapes. B adding to the number of the tape and tli read .reels, or group- 1 mg or rearranging them as desired, variageneral character.

tions can readily be accomplished in the arrangement-of elements in a fabric of this Fig. 13 shows a 2% hose whose outside spiral layer of material is composed of groups of threads (2% threads per group), laid adjacent to and parallel to ,each other, interlaid ancLinterwound with tapes 1" Wide, laid at 90, to each other and at to the horizontal center line ofthe hose.

In order to lay the thread in grou s as shown, with the accompanying tapes inding the threads together, four thread reels and three pair of tape reels are required.

The four thread reels rotate about the hose 1n the same direction while the tape reels Two tubes of thread are tape reels rotate about Fig. 3. The

of each pair rotate in opposite directions. thus having t ree tape reels rotating in one direction and three't pe reels rotating in the opposite direction required for each s are brought toside by side and thread reel,.the' two threa gether in a guide as before thence pass to the mandrel hose fabric-is formed.

The mandrel is propelled longitudinally through the machine and the thread and it. The number of revolutions of the thread reel as com ared to the speed ofpropulsion of the man rel is such that the groups of threadsfrom the reels just cover the mandrel. If 1W0 threads are laid from each reel the pitch of the group 'ofcthreads from each reel would be 3;", as s shownby group of threads from reel n is laid. first, at 11; "pitch as shown, such that three more groups of two threads each Then the Groups of upon which the;

of rotation of thethree pair of a the mandrel is so determined-that the tape is laid at an angle of 45,to the ion itudinal surface line of mandrel, the, tape om one reel of each 90 to the tape of the otherreel of the same pair. The tape spools on the tape reels of the firstpair being at 90 from each other,

pair being laid alkanangle of the tape is equally spaced about the mandreh After the tape is laid from the-first pair, of tape reels, another groupiof threads is laid half way between the coils previously laid. This .is accomplished 1 by guide for the second group of threads at the same distance from; the center of drel as the group of, threads on thread reel and at an angle around the qmandrel of 180. Thus. the .four' tapes laid by the first pair of tape reelsare over the thread from first thread second thread reel. Then the four tapes from the second pair ,of tape reels are laid on to of the thread trom the first and sec- ,ond' t read reels. The spools of tape on each reel; of the second pair are diametrically opthe first as'regards each other, t at a distance of the circumference of the mandrel respectively from the four tapes previouslyv laid. Next the from the third thread reel is laid in them cant space adjoining the first group "of threads, thus bejnglaid on top of the tapes :tromb reels. v

There are two tubes Of-iFhlZBfld on the thirdthread reel the thread being grouped and placed at a distance from' the center of the mandrel, located around the mandrel from the group of threads onthe first thread 'reel but in the same direction as the group (it threads, on the secondthread reel. Next are laid the four tapes from the-third pair of tape reels, these being like the tape reels previ;

the man reel and under the thread from the 5 ey are also each laid group of tln'eads h the first and secondpair of tape as on the second thread, but 1 having the of this second pair of tape ously described except that the angular'lo-- cation of the spools of tape around the mandrel is 30 from the corresponding spools on the second pair of tape reels, and in the same direction, thus the twelve spools of tape on the three pair of reels are at an angle from each .other around the mandrel of 30. These four tapes are laid on top of the thread from. first, second and third thread reels and in a manner like that de scribed for the first and second pair of tape reels. Then finally is laid the group of threads from the fourth thread reel. This reel is like first, second and third thread reelsexcept in the angular location around the mandrel of the guide for the group of threads, which is 270 from that. of first thread reel andin the same direction as that reels.

,ofreels are thus over the group of. threads of the second and third thread reels. This group of threads'being on top of the eight tapes from the second and third pair of tape The four tapes from the first pair from the first thread reel and under those from the second and third and fourth thread reels. The four tapes from 'the second pair of reels'are thus over the groups of threads from thefirst and second thread reels but under the groups of threads from the third and fourth .thread reels. The four tapes from the third pair of tape reels are thus over the groups of threads from the first, second and third thread reels, but under the group from the fourth thread reels. This interlaying and interwinding of the threads .and tapescompletes' one layer of fabric,

which may be combined with any of the other fabric'layers herein described.

The general specifications for an air brake hose require that it should be substantially 1% inside diameter in mostcases, 22 to 24" long and about 21-" outside diameter. It has a rubber core about 3/32 thick, a

fibrous material composing the wall of the hose, and an outside rubber coverlng about thick and can readily be made of this improved fabric by the; process of the character described. a I

The machine described is well adalpted to carry out" this process and includes 1% diameter steel m'andrels M, to 24 inches long which are joined together end' to end.'

First the rubber lining is applied, second a layer of thread, side by side, an angle of 45, to a longitudlnalsurface line of the mandrel is applied, then another layer oi threads, side by'side, at an angle'o-f 45, but at 90 to the thread previously laid, and fourth a layer of circumferentially laid threads side by side but interla-id "and interwound with tapes, are respectively laid upon this mandrel, all the't'hr'eads and tapes being thonmghly coated with liquid rubber cement. a V ",fnlftalnng up the 'machine shown in de- -drel. double, that is, it has a, center 1% diameter,

' mesh together.

tail, the mandrel M deserves first'consideration. This consists of a piece of 1% diameter, colddrawn, seamless, steel tubing of about walls, highly polished and each end fitted to receive a specially made plug J, and having keys diametrically, opposite so that the plugsrcannot rotate'int-he -rnan- This plug'is about 8" long, and 1s polished, 1" long,' and two ends 1" diameter and each 3 long with key-ways K diametrically opposite. Either end of any of these plugs is a close sliding fit in either end of any of the mandrels. These mandrels are joined one to the other at the rear of the machine and are supported and guided, see Fig. 24, by three rolls f, f, f, at 120 to each other around the mandrel, these rolls being supported in 'a forked shaped casting f, carried by a rod f, free to turn in a bushing f which screws into a circular frame f surround n the-mandrel,

but spaced it by five or six inc es all around. These mandrel supports and guides and brackets f therefor are distributed at-in tervals of about 4 feet apart alongthe machine, throughout its entire length.

The mandrels are propelle d through the machine by means of 6% diameter friction rolls, F F see Figs. 21 and22 operating in a horizontal plane through the center of the mandrel. There are several sets or pairs of these friction rolls, Each rollis mounted on the 'topend of a vertical shaft S turning .in a'bearing in .an adjust-able lever, having a spur gear S on its lower end engaging anotherspur gear S 'upon but on a level below themandrel an eye bolt B, whose threadedend passes through an elongated hole in the first leverya'nd which carries a powerful helical spring 5 resting against the first lever, and which iscompressed; and thereby draws the levers together andforces the friction rolls F against the mandrel by means of anut 6 upon the eye bolt and is locked by a lock nut'b;

These rolls are .thus pressed, against the mandrel with a pressure of about 100 lbs., thus providing from each pair of rolls a force tendingto push the mandrel through the machine of about 40 pounds.

The .power is supplied to the vertical shaft S carrying gear S through a pair of miter gears from the horizontal shaft s called'thebevel gear shaft. Next istprovided aninclosed'box, fastened to a sup- The secondv lever mentioned carries on its extreme end 

